Gross Primary Production (GPPx) maps

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Posted on June 11, 2026

GPPx is a “geo-centric” indicator of site productivity potential in European forests. It is based on an algorithm that systematically combines measurements from the Sentinel-2 HR-VPP annual product bundle (Smets et al. 2024) with the PathFinder forest aboveground biomass map (Miettinen et al. 2025), local climatic information (CHELSA v2.1) and an ecosystem light use efficiency model founded on optimality principles (i.e. the P-model; Wang et al. 2017; Stocker et al. 2020) to isolate and remove the obfuscating effects of forest structure (management- and age-related) on site productivity. GPPx may be considered analogous to classical site productivity indicators like the “dendro-centric” Site Index, with key differences being that it is species- and management-agnostic. It bears the conventional Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) units of g C m^-2 yr^-1.

GPPx has been produced for a historical and two future climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6 & SSP3-7.0) centered on the mid-point year of the following 30-yr time slices: 1981-2010, 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100.

The maps can be viewed in the PathFinder portal. A paper describing the product is currently under review. Maps will be made available for download upon publication.

Bright et al. (2026). A Sentinel-2 based algorithm for quantifying site productivity potentials in European forests. Under review.

Smets, B., Cai, Z., Eklundh, L., Tian, F., Bonte, K., Van Hoolst, R., De Roo, B., Jacobs, T., Camacho, F., Sánchez-Zapero, J., Martinez-Sánchez, E., Swinnen, E., Scheifinger, H., Hufkens, K., & Jönsson, P. (2024). High Resolution Vegetation Phenology and Productivity (HR-VPP), Seasonal Trajectories and VPP parameters, Product User Manual. Copenhagen, Denmark.

Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, H.P., & Kessler, M. (2017). Climatologies at high resolution for the earth’s land surface areas. Scientific Data, 4, 170122.

Miettinen, J., Breidenbach, J., et al. (2025). Pan-European forest maps produced with a combination of earth observation data and national forest inventory plots. Data in Brief, 60, 111613.

Wang, H., Prentice, I.C., Keenan, T.F., Davis, T.W., Wright, I.J., Cornwell, W.K., Evans, B.J., & Peng, C. (2017). Towards a universal model for carbon dioxide uptake by plants. Nature Plants, 3, 734-741.

Stocker, B.D., Wang, H., Smith, N.G., Harrison, S.P., Keenan, T.F., Sandoval, D., Davis, T., & Prentice, I.C. (2020). P-model v1.0: an optimality-based light use efficiency model for simulating ecosystem gross primary production. Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1545-1581.

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